Ukunyanga ukushisa kuyinyathelo elibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhutyweni kwezinto zetsimbi.Ukunyangwa kobushushu kunokutshintsha iimpawu zomzimba kunye noomatshini bezinto zetsimbi, ukuphucula ubunzima babo, amandla, ukuqina, kunye nezinye iimpawu.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ulwakhiwo loyilo lwemveliso lukhuselekile, luthembekile, lunoqoqosho, kwaye lusebenza kakuhle, iinjineli zesakhiwo ngokubanzi kufuneka ziqonde iipropathi zoomatshini bezinto, khetha iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zonyango lobushushu olusekwe kwiimfuno zoyilo kunye neempawu zezinto ezibonakalayo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwabo kunye neempawu zabo. umsebenzi wobomi.Ezi zilandelayo ziyi-13 iinkqubo zokunyanga ukushisa ezinxulumene nezixhobo zetsimbi, ngethemba lokuba luncedo kumntu wonke.
1. Ukucoca
Inkqubo yonyango lokushisa apho izinto zetsimbi zifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo, zigcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye zipholile ngokukhawuleza.Injongo ye-annealing ikakhulu ukunciphisa ubunzima bezinto zetsimbi, ukuphucula iplastiki, ukuququzelela ukusika okanye ukucutshungulwa koxinzelelo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo oluseleyo, ukuphucula ukufana kwe-microstructure kunye nokubunjwa, okanye ukulungiselela i-microstructure yonyango olulandelayo lobushushu.Iinkqubo zokuqhobosha eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukufakwa kwakhona kwekristali, ukuthomalalisa ngokupheleleyo, ukufakwa kwe-spheroidization, kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo.
I-annealing epheleleyo: Coca ubungakanani bengqolowa, ukwakheka okufanayo, ukunciphisa ubunzima, ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.I-annealing epheleleyo ifanelekile kwi-forgings okanye i-castings yensimbi enomxholo wekhabhoni (iqhekeza elikhulu) ngaphantsi kwe-0.8%.
I-Spheroidizing annealing: inciphisa ubulukhuni bentsimbi, iphucula ukusebenza kokusika, kwaye ilungiselela ukucima ikamva ukunciphisa i-deformation kunye nokuqhekeka emva kokucima.I-Spheroidizing annealing ifanelekile kwi-carbon steel kunye ne-alloy tool steel kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni (iqhekeza elikhulu) elikhulu kune-0.8%.
Uxinzelelo oludambisa i-annealing: Luphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluveliswa ngexesha lokuwelda kunye nokulungiswa okubandayo kwamalungu entsimbi, kuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluveliswa ngexesha lokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kwamalungu, kwaye kuthintele ukuguquka ngexesha lokusetyenzwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelayo.Uxinzelelo oludambisa i-annealing lufanelekile kwii-castings ezahlukeneyo, i-forging, iindawo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neendawo ezibandayo ezikhutshiweyo.
Ibhekisa kwinkqubo yobushushu bobushushu bokufudumeza intsimbi okanye iinxalenye zentsimbi kwiqondo lobushushu le-30-50 ℃ ngaphezulu kwe-Ac3 okanye i-Acm (iqondo eliphezulu elibalulekileyo lobushushu bentsimbi), lizibambe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye lizipholise emoyeni.Injongo ye-normalizing ikakhulu kukuphucula iipropathi ze-mechanical ye-low-carbon steel, ukuphucula ukunyanzeliswa, ukucokisa ubungakanani bengqolowa, ukuphelisa iziphene zesakhiwo, kunye nokulungiselela isakhiwo sonyango olulandelayo lobushushu.
3. Ukucima
Ibhekisa kwinkqubo yobushushu bobushushu bokufudumeza icandelo lentsimbi kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu kwe-Ac3 okanye i-Ac1 (iqondo elisezantsi elibalulekileyo lobushushu bentsimbi), liyibambe kangangexesha elithile, emva koko lifumane i-martensite (okanye i-bainite) isakhiwo izinga lokupholisa elifanelekileyo.Injongo yokucima kukufumana isakhiwo se-martensitic esifunekayo samalungu ensimbi, ukuphucula ubunzima, amandla, kunye nokumelana nokunxiba kwe-workpiece, kwaye ulungiselele isakhiwo sonyango olulandelayo lobushushu.
Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokucima ityuwa ziquka ukucima ityuwa, ukucima i-martensitic graded, ukucima i-isothermal bainite, ukucima umphezulu, kunye nokucinywa kwendawo.
Ukucima ulwelo olunye: Ukucima ulwelo olunye kusebenza kuphela kwintsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi yealloyi eneemilo ezilula kunye neemfuno zobugcisa obuphantsi.Ngexesha lokucima, kwiingxenye zensimbi zekhabhoni ezinobubanzi okanye ubukhulu obukhulu kuno-5-8mm, kufuneka kusetyenziswe amanzi anetyuwa okanye ukupholisa amanzi;Iinxalenye zentsimbi ye-alloy zipholile ngeoli.
Ukucima ulwelo kabini: Fudumeza iindawo zentsimbi kwiqondo lobushushu lokucima, emva kokugquma, zizipholise ngokukhawuleza emanzini ukuya kwi-300-400 º C, uze uzidlulisele kwi-oyile ukuze zizipholise.
Ukucima umphezulu wedangatye: Ukucima umphezulu wedangatye ulungele intsimbi enkulu ephakathi kwekhabhoni kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni, enje nge crankshafts, iigiya, kunye neereyile ezikhokelayo, ezifuna indawo eqinileyo nengagugiyo kwaye inokumelana nemithwalo yempembelelo kwimveliso yebhetshi enye okanye encinci. .
Ukuqina kwe-surface induction: Amalungu athe aqina umphezulu wokwenziwa lukhuni anomphezulu oqinileyo kwaye ongagugiyo, ngelixa egcina amandla amahle kunye nokuqina kumbindi.Ukuqina kwe-surface induction ifanelekile kwi-carbon steel medium kunye ne-alloy steel parts kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni ophakathi.
4. Ukufudumeza
Ibhekisela kwinkqubo yokunyanga ukushisa apho iindawo zetsimbi zicinywa kwaye zifudumeze kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-Ac1, eligcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye lipholile kwiqondo lokushisa.Injongo yokutshisa ngokuyinhloko kukuphelisa uxinzelelo oluveliswa ngamacandelo ensimbi ngexesha lokucima, ukwenzela ukuba iindawo zetsimbi zibe nobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqoka, kunye neplastiki efunekayo kunye nokuqina.Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokufudumala zibandakanya ukufudumala kweqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, ukufudumala kweqondo lokushisa eliphakathi, ukushisa okuphezulu, njl njl.
Ukushisa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa: Ukushisa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa kuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olubangelwa ukucima kwiindawo zentsimbi, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziselwa izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo zokulinganisa, ukubumba, iibheringi eziqengqelekayo, kunye neengxenye ezifakwe kwi-carburized.
Ubushushu obuphakathi bobushushu: Ubushushu obuphakathi bobushushu buvumela iinxalenye zentsimbi ukuba zifikelele ukuqina okuphezulu, ukuqina okuthile, kunye nokuqina, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemithombo, isitampu esishushu siyafa, kunye nezinye iindawo.
Ubushushu obuphezulu bobushushu: Ubushushu obuphezulu bobushushu buvumela iinxalenye zentsimbi ukuba zifezekise iipropathi ezibanzi zoomatshini, ezizezi, ukomelela okuphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokuqina okwaneleyo, ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olubangelwa kukucima.Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kumaziko abalulekileyo afuna ukomelela okuphezulu kunye nokuqina, okufana ne-spindles, crankshafts, iikhamera, iigiya, kunye neentonga zokudibanisa.
5. Ukucinywa nokucaphuka
Kubhekiselele kwinkqubo yonyango yobushushu edibeneyo yokucima kunye nentsimbi epholileyo okanye amacandelo entsimbi.Intsimbi esetyenziselwa ukucima kunye nonyango lokufudumala kuthiwa yintsimbi ecinyiweyo kunye neyomsindo.Ngokubanzi ibhekisa kwintsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni yolwakhiwo kunye nentsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni yealloy.
6. Unyango lobushushu beMichiza
Inkqubo yokulungiswa kobushushu apho intsimbi okanye i-alloy workpiece ibekwe kwindawo esebenzayo kwiqondo elithile lobushushu ukuze kufakwe i-insulation, evumela enye okanye ngaphezulu i-elementi ukuba ingene kumphezulu wayo ukuze itshintshe ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukwakheka kunye nokusebenza.Injongo yonyango lobushushu bekhemikhali kukuphucula ubulukhuni bomphezulu, ukunganyangeki, ukuxhathisa ukubola, amandla okudinwa, kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation yamalungu entsimbi.Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga ukushisa kweekhemikhali ziquka i-carburization, i-nitriding, i-carbonitriding, njl.
I-Carburization: Ukufezekisa ubunzima obuphezulu (HRC60-65) kunye nokunxiba ukuxhathisa kumphezulu, ngelixa ugcina ubunzima obuphezulu kwiziko.Iqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukunxitywa kunye nezinto ezixhathisayo ezinje ngamavili, iigiya, iishafti, izikhonkwane zepiston, njl.
I-Nitriding: Ukuphucula ukuqina, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-corrosion ye-surface layer yamalungu entsimbi, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neebholiti, ii-nuts, kunye nezikhonkwane.
I-Carbonitriding: iphucula ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokuxhatshazwa komgangatho ophezulu weentsimbi zetsimbi, ezifanelekileyo kwintsimbi ye-carbon ephantsi, i-carbon steel medium, okanye i-alloy steel parts, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa izixhobo zokusika isinyithi esinesantya esiphezulu.
7. Unyango lwesisombululo esiluqilima
Kubhekiselele kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu lokufudumeza i-alloy ukuya kwindawo yesigaba esisodwa sobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokugcina ubushushu obungaguqukiyo, ukuvumela isigaba esigqithileyo ukuba sinyibilike ngokupheleleyo kwisisombululo esiqinileyo kwaye siphole ngokukhawuleza ukufumana isisombululo esiqinileyo se-supersaturated.Injongo yonyango lwesisombululo ikakhulu kukuphucula iplastiki kunye nokuqina kwentsimbi kunye ne-alloys, kunye nokulungiselela imvula yokuqinisa unyango.
8. Ukuqina kwemvula (ukuqinisa imvula)
Inkqubo yokunyanga ukushisa apho isinyithi sihamba lukhuni ngenxa yokwahlulwa kwee-athomu ze-solute kwisisombululo esiqinileyo esiphezulu kunye / okanye ukuchithwa kweengqungquthela ezichithwe kwi-matrix.Ukuba i-austenitic precipitation steel stainless steel iphantsi konyango lokuqina kwemvula kwi-400-500 ℃ okanye i-700-800 ℃ emva konyango lwesisombululo esiluqilima okanye ukusebenza okubandayo, inokufikelela kumandla aphezulu.
9. Unyango lwangexesha
Ibhekisela kwinkqubo yonyango lobushushu apho i-alloy workpieces ingena kunyango lwesisombululo esiluqilima, i-deformation yeplastiki ebandayo okanye ukuphosa, kwaye emva koko ifakwe, ibekwe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu okanye igcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa, kunye neempawu zabo, ukumila, kunye nokutshintsha kobungakanani ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuba inkqubo yonyango yokuguga yokufudumeza i-workpiece kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nokuqhuba unyango lokuguga ixesha elide liyamkelwa, kubizwa ngokuba unyango lokuguga;Isiganeko sokuguga esenzeka xa i-workpiece igcinwa kwindawo yokushisa okanye kwiimeko zendalo ixesha elide libizwa ngokuba ngunyango lwendalo yokuguga.Injongo yonyango lokuguga kukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwi-workpiece, ukuzinzisa isakhiwo kunye nobukhulu, kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zomatshini.
10. Ukuba lukhuni
Ibhekisela kwiimpawu ezimisela ubunzulu bokucima kunye nokusabalalisa ubunzima bentsimbi phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo.Ubunzima obuhle okanye obuhlwempuzekileyo bentsimbi budla ngokubonakaliswa ngobunzulu boluhlu oluqinileyo.Okukhona ubunzulu bomgangatho oqinileyo, ngcono ukuqina kwentsimbi.Ukuqina kwentsimbi ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kubume bayo beekhemikhali, ngakumbi izinto ze-alloy kunye nobungakanani beenkozo ezandisa ukuqina, ubushushu bokufudumala, kunye nexesha lokubamba.Insimbi enobunzima obuhle inokufezekisa iipropati ezifanayo kunye nezihambelanayo zomatshini kulo lonke icandelo lentsimbi, kunye ne-agent yokucima kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi lokucima ingakhethwa ukunciphisa ukuguqulwa kunye nokuqhekeka.
11. Idayimitha ebalulekileyo (i-diameter yokucima okubalulekileyo)
I-diameter ebalulekileyo ibhekisela kubukhulu obukhulu bentsimbi xa yonke i-martensite okanye i-50% yesakhiwo se-martensite ifunyenwe kwiziko emva kokucima kwindawo ethile.Idayamitha ebalulekileyo yezinye iintsimbi inokufumaneka ngokubanzi ngovavanyo lokuqina kwioli okanye emanzini.
12. Ukuqina okwesibini
Ezinye iialloyi ze-iron-carbon (ezifana nentsimbi enesantya esiphezulu) zifuna imijikelo emininzi yobushushu ukuqhubela phambili nokwandisa ubulukhuni bazo.Le nto inzima, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-second hardening, ibangelwa yimvula ye-carbides ekhethekileyo kunye / okanye ukuguqulwa kwe-austenite kwi-martensite okanye i-bainite.
13. Ubushushu bomzimba
Ibhekisa kwisenzeko se-embrittlement yentsimbi ecinyiweyo yobushushu kuluhlu oluthile lobushushu okanye ipholiswe kancinane ukusuka kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi kolu luhlu lobushushu.I-Temper brittleness inokwahlulwa ibe luhlobo lokuqala lwe- temper brittleness kunye nodidi lwesibini lwe- temper brittleness .
Uhlobo lokuqala lokucaphuka komsindo, okwaziwa ngokuba kukucaphuka okungaphindi kuguquke, kwenzeka ikakhulu kubushushu obuphakathi kwama-250-400 ℃.Emva kokuba i-brittleness iyanyamalala emva kokuvuselela, i-brittleness iphinda iphindwe kuloluhlu kwaye ayisekho;
Uhlobo lwesibini lokucaphuka komsindo, okwakwaziwa ngokuba bubushushu obubuyela umva, lwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu aqala kuma-400 ukuya kuma-650 ℃.Xa i-brittleness inyamalala emva kokufudumeza kwakhona, kufuneka ipholiswe ngokukhawuleza kwaye akufanele ihlale ixesha elide okanye ipholile ipholile kuluhlu lwama-400 ukuya kuma-650 ℃, kungenjalo i-catalytic phenomena iyakwenzeka kwakhona.
Ukwenzeka kokucaphuka kunxulunyaniswa nezinto eziqulethwe kwintsimbi, njengemanganese, ichromium, isilicon, nenickel, ezidla ngokuphuhlisa ukucaphuka, ngelixa imolybdenum kunye netungsten zinento yokwenza buthathaka ukucaphuka.
Intsimbi entsha yeGapoweryimveliso yentsimbi yobuchwephesha.Umbhobho wentsimbi, icoil kunye namabakala entsimbi yentsimbi abandakanya ST35 ST37 ST44 ST52 42CRMO4, S45C CK45 SAE4130 SAE4140 SCM440 njl. Wamkelekile umthengi ukuba abuze kwaye atyelele kumzi-mveliso.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-23-2023