ImiGangatho yokuHlola ye-ISO engeyiyo yentsimbi:
(1) ISO 4967:2013
I-ISO 4967: 2013 "Ukumiselwa koMxholo wokuNgena kwentsimbi yokuBandakanywa kwiNsimbi - iTshati esemgangathweni yoHlolo lweNdlela yokuHlola iMicroscopic" ithatha indawo ye-ISO 4967-1998, kodwa umxholo wayo wenze utshintsho oluncinci kuphela, kwaye indlela yayo yokuhlola kunye netshathi yokukala ayitshintshanga.Inguqulo ye-1988 yalo mgangatho iye yamkelwa ngokulinganayo yi-GB/T 10561-2005.
(2) ISO 9341-1996
I-ISO 9341-1996 "Izixhobo ze-Optics kunye ne-optical - Ukumiselwa kokungaphelelanga kokubandakanywa kunye neziphene ezingaphezulu kwiilensi zoqhagamshelwano ezisisigxina" yazisa iindlela kunye namanyathelo okufumanisa ukubandakanywa kunye neziphene zomhlaba usebenzisa iilensi zoqhagamshelwano ezisisigxina.Yayekwa kwi-2006 kwaye yatshintshwa yi-ISO 18369.3: 2006 "Izixhobo ze-Optics kunye ne-optical - Iilensi zoqhagamshelwano - Icandelo 3: Iindlela zokuvavanya".
Imigangatho yokuhlola yokubandakanywa kwaseMelika engeyiyo eyentsimbi:
(1) I-ASTM B796-2014
I-ASTM B796-2014 "Indlela yoVavanyo yoMxholo ongeNye-metallic Inclusion kwiPowder Forged Parts", ithathela indawo ye-ASTM B796-2007, ifanelekile ukumiselwa kwe-metallographic yamanqanaba angeyo-metallic afakwe kwi-powder forged parts, efuna i-100% yokufunyanwa kwe-porosity kwindawo engundoqo. yesampulu.Ukuba kukho izikhewu, kunzima ukuhlukanisa i-pores eseleyo kwi-oxide inclusions.
(2) I-ASTM E45-2013
I-ASTM E45-2013 "Indlela yoVavanyo yokumisela uMxholo wokuBandakanya kwiNsimbi" ngumgangatho wokuhlola wokungena kwesinyithi osetyenziswa ngokubanzi, oquka iindlela zokuhlola ezine ze-macroscopic kunye neendlela zokuhlola ezintlanu ze-microscopic (uhlalutyo lwezandla kunye nomfanekiso) ukuchaza umxholo wokufakwa kwintsimbi. kunye nendlela yokunika ingxelo yeziphumo zohlolo.Iindlela ezintlanu zokuhlola i-microscopic zibandakanya: Indlela (indlela yokujonga intsimi embi kakhulu), indlela ye-B (indlela yobude), indlela ye-C (i-oxide kunye ne-silicate indlela) indlela ye-D (indlela yokubandakanya umxholo ophantsi) kunye ne-E (indlela yokulinganisa i-SAM);I-ASTM E45 iye yaseka uluhlu lweemephu zesalathiso eziqhelekileyo (iimephu ze-JK kunye neemephu ze-SAE) ukuchaza iimpawu (ubungakanani, uhlobo, kunye nobuninzi) bokubandakanywa okuqhelekileyo.Imephu ye-SAE inokufunyanwa kwinkqubo ecetyiswayo ye-J422 kwincwadana ye-SAE;I-spectra ye-Method ye-A (intsimi yembono embi kakhulu), i-Method D (umxholo wokufakwa okuphantsi), kunye ne-Method E (i-SAM rating) yaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwi-spectra ye-JK, ngelixa i-Method C (i-oxide kunye neendlela ze-silicate) isebenzisa i-SAE spectra.
(3) I-ASTM E1122-1996
I-ASTM E1122-1996 "Indlela yoVavanyo oluMiselweyo lokumisela iNqanaba lokuBandakanywa kwe-JK ngokuHlalutya koMfanekiso ozenzekelayo" yayekwa ngo-2006 kwaye idityaniswe kwi-ASTM E45-2013 ehlaziyiweyo, iindlela A kunye no-D.
(4) I-ASTM E1245-2003 (2008)
I-ASTM E1245-2003 (2008) "Indlela yoVavanyo oluMiselweyo lokuQinisekisa ukuBandakanywa okanye isiGaba seSibini seSakhiwo seSigaba kwiZinyithi ngoHlalutyo lweMifanekiso ezenzekelayo.".Ilungele ukusebenzisa indlela yomfanekiso ngokuzenzekelayo ukuvavanya umxholo wokubandakanywa kwe-endogenous kunye nesigaba sesibini se-microstructure kwiintsimbi.Ngenxa yokusasazwa okuthe saa kunye nokungalindelekanga kokubandakanywa kwangaphandle, lo mgangatho awusebenzi ekuvavanyeni ukufakwa kwangaphandle kwintsimbi okanye ezinye iintsimbi.
(5) I-ASTM E2142-2008
I-ASTM E2142-2008 "Indlela yoVavanyo yoVavanyo kunye noHlelo lokuBandakanywa kwiNsimbi ngokuSkena i-Electron Microscopy".Ngokweenkqubo ezichazwe kwi-ASTM E45 kunye ne-ASTM E1245, ukuvavanywa kobungakanani bomxholo wokubandakanywa kwintsimbi kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-microscope ye-electron yokuskena;Ukumiselwa kobuninzi, ubungakanani, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-morphology yokubandakanywa kuhlelwe ngokweendlela zeekhemikhali.
(6) I-ASTM E2283-2008 (2014)
Njengoko kuyaziwa, ukungaphumeleli kwamacandelo omatshini afana neegesi kunye neebheringi zihlala zibangelwa ubukho bexabiso elikhulu le-non-metallic oxide inclusions.Uqwalaselo lweMikroskopu lwamacandelo angaphumeleliyo luhlala lulandelela ubukho bokubandakanywa.Ukuqikelelwa kobomi bokudinwa kwamacandelo angaphumeleliyo akunakuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo ngemigangatho yokuhlola efakiwe njenge-ASTM E45, ASTM E1122, kunye ne-ASTM E1245.I-ASTM E2283-2008 (2014) "Ikhowudi yoHlalutyo lweeNtengiso eziBalulekileyo zokubandakanywa kwe-non-metallic Inclusions kunye nezinye iimpawu zeMicrostructure kwiSitye" yavela phantsi kwezi meko.Lo mgangatho udala indlela esemgangathweni usebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso eligqithisileyo, elihambelana nobomi becandelo kunye nokusabalalisa ubungakanani bokubandakanywa.Njenge-ASTM E1245-2003 (2008), lo mgangatho awusebenzi kuphononongo lwe-exogenous inclusions kwintsimbi kunye nezinye isinyithi.
Imigangatho yokuhlolwa kwe-non-metallic yaseJamani:
(1) DIN 50602-1985
I-DIN 50602-1985 "Indlela yokuhlolwa kweMicroscopic yokuvavanya umxholo ongeyontsimbi yokufakwa kwintsimbi ephezulu kusetyenziswa imizobo ye-metallographic" isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengomgangatho wendlela yokuhlola i-microscopic yomxholo ongeyo-metallic wokufakwa kwintsimbi ephezulu, echazwe ngaphezulu kwe-120. imigangatho yemveliso.Lo mgangatho uhlula ukufakwa kwe-non-metallic kwintsimbi kwiindidi ezine: uhlobo lwe-SS, uhlobo lwe-OA, uhlobo lwe-OS, kunye nohlobo lwe-OG, oluhambelana ne-sulfide inclusions, i-oxide inclusions, i-silicate inclusions, kunye ne-spherical oxide inclusions, ngokulandelanayo.Ezi ntlobo ze-4 zokufakwa zihlukaniswe ngamanqanaba angama-9, amelwe ngu-0-8.Amanqanaba akufuphi abangela ukubahluko kabini kwindawo yokubandakanywa.Ubungakanani besampulu sisithando somlilo esinye okanye ibhetshi yezixhobo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo akukho ngaphantsi kweesampuli ezi-6.Iigrafu ezintathu zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya inqanaba lokubandakanywa.Kwinqanaba elifanayo, i-sulfide inclusions (uhlobo lwe-SS) kunye ne-spherical oxide inclusions (uhlobo lwe-OG) luhlulwe lube luchungechunge olubini olusekelwe kulwahlulo lokubandakanya ububanzi kunye nobukhulu, ngelixa i-oxide inclusions (uhlobo lwe-OA) kunye ne-silicate inclusions (uhlobo lwe-OS) lwahlulwe lwaba ezintathu series.Kuhlobo ngalunye lokubandakanywa kunye nochungechunge ngalunye, ubude obuhambelanayo bokufakwa bunikezelwa, kwaye itafile yobude obuhambelana nokufakwa kobubanzi obuhlukeneyo bunikezelwa kwakhona.Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuvavanya i-DIN 50602-1985: Indlela ye-M kunye nendlela ye-K.I-M-indlela yokurekhoda inqanaba eliphezulu lokufakwa kuyo yonke indawo ehloliweyo, kwaye emva kokuvavanya ngokuhlukileyo kunye nokurekhoda ukubandakanywa okuhlukeneyo kwisampuli ekhethiweyo, ukubala i-arithmetic mean.I-K-indlela ibala ukubandakanywa kwinqanaba elichaziweyo, ngoko umgangatho usebenza ngokukodwa kwiintsimbi ezikhethekileyo.Ke ngoko, elona nqanaba lisezantsi lovavanyo lixhomekeke kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa intsimbi, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nobukhulu bemveliso.Inani elisemva kuka-K limele elona nani lisezantsi lamanqanaba asetyenziswe kuvavanyo kusetyenziswa igrafu.Ngokomzekelo, i-K4 ibhekisela kwixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuvela kwamanqanaba okubandakanywa ukusuka kwinqanaba lesi-4. Inqanaba lokubandakanywa liyahluka, kwaye i-coefficients yabo yengozi nayo iyahluka.Ukuphindaphinda i-frequency yi-coefficient ivelisa inani elipheleleyo lokubandakanywa kwisampuli enye.Inani elipheleleyo lokufakwa kuzo zonke iisampulu kwiqela lesampula lidityanisiwe, kwaye umphumo uguqulwa ube ngu-1000 mm2, eyona nkcazo ye-inclusions.I-K4 isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye xa kubalwa, ukubandakanywa kohlobo lwe-OS luhlelwa ngokubanzi njenge-OA.Okwangoku, lo mgangatho awusebenzi kwaye akukho mgangatho omtsha ohlaziyiweyo wokuthatha indawo yawo.Ikomiti yayo yobugcisa incoma ukusebenzisa i-DIN EN 10247-2007 yokuhlola umxholo ongeyo-metallic ukufakwa kwintsimbi.
(2) I-DIN EN 10247-2007
I-DIN EN 10247-2007 "Uvavanyo lweMicroscopic lwesiqulatho esingeyo-metallic ekufakwa kwintsimbi kusetyenziswa imifanekiso eqhelekileyo" yindlela yovavanyo yemetallographic yomgangatho wokubandakanywa okungeyontsimbi kwintsimbi ephuhliswe ngokusekwe kuvavanyo lwe-DIN V ENV 10247-1998 "Uvavanyo lweMicroscopic. komxholo ongeyontsimbi yokubandakanywa kwintsimbi usebenzisa imifanekiso eqhelekileyo”.Lo mgangatho uhlula ukufakwa kwe-non-metallic kwintsimbi kwiintlobo ezintandathu ezisisiseko, ezimelwe yi-EA, EB, EC, ED, EF, kunye ne-AD, Iindlela zokuvavanya zihlulwe ngendlela ye-P (indlela yokufakwa embi kakhulu), indlela ye-M (intsimi embi kakhulu yokujonga indlela), kunye nendlela ye-K (i-avareji yentsimi yendlela yokujonga), phakathi kwayo indlela ye-M kunye ne-K ihambelana ne-DIN 50602
Inkcazo ngo-1985 ngokusisiseko iyahambelana, kwaye uninzi lwemigangatho yemveliso esandula ukwenziwa eYurophu sele iqalile ukubhekisa kulo mgangatho.
(3) Okunye
Imigangatho yokuvavanya enxulumene nokuhlolwa kwe-non-metallic inclusions ikwabandakanya: I-SEP 1570-1971 "Indlela yoHlolo lweMicroscopic yokuBandakanywa kweeTshathi zeNgxowa-mali eziNgezoNtsimbi zeSimbi esiKhethekileyo", i-SEP 1570-1971 (i-Supplement) "Indlela yoHlolo lweMicroscopic yokuBandakanya okuNgekho kwesinyithi." Iitshathi zokuKhawulwa koMxholo weNtsimbi eLungileyo nende eKhethekileyo”, kunye ne-SEP 1572-1971 “iNdlela yoHlolo lweMicroscopic yeeTshati zoKhathalelo lwesiQulatho seSulfidi yeSisimbi sokusika saMahla”
Imigangatho yokuhlola yokubandakanywa okungeyontsimbi kwamanye amazwe:
I-JIS G 0555: 2003 "Indlela yokuvavanya i-Microscopic ye-non-metallic inclusions kwintsimbi" (umgangatho waseJapan).
Yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuvavanya i-microscopic yokumisela ukufakwa kwe-non-metallic kwiimveliso zetsimbi eziqengqelekayo okanye ezibunjiweyo (kunye nomlinganiselo wokunyanzeliswa ubuncinci be-3).Iindlela zokuhlola ezichanekileyo zokufakwa kulo mgangatho zahlulwe zaba yindlela A, indlela ye-B, kunye ne-point calculation inspection inspection method.Indlela ye-A kunye ne-B ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nendlela yokumela kwi-ISO 4967: 2013, kwaye indlela yokubala iphuzu imele ukucoceka kwentsimbi ngepesenti yendawo ehlala ngokubandakanywa.Lo mgangatho usetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwentsimbi yokusetyenziswa, kodwa ngenxa yempembelelo ye-subjective yabavavanyi, kunzima ukufikelela kwiziphumo ezanelisayo, ngoko ke inani elikhulu leesampuli kunye noqikelelo olufunekayo kwisicelo.
I-BS 7926-1998 (R2014) "Ubungakanani bendlela ye-micrographic yokumisela umxholo wepesenteji ye-non-metallic inclusions kwintsimbi" (umgangatho waseBrithani),
Iindlela ezimbini zokufota i-microscopic yokumisela umxholo wokubandakanywa okungeyona isinyithi kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo ichazwe ngokubanzi.Inxalenye yendawo ye-non-metallic inclusions kwiimpawu zetsimbi ezityhidiweyo zachazwa, kwaye ipesenti yoluhlu lwezinto ezingenayo i-metallic inclusions kwiindlela ezine zokunyibilika kunye nokucoca ezisetyenziswe ngamaziko ensimbi nazo zichazwe.
Intsimbi entsha yeGapowerngumvelisi wentsimbi yokusika yasimahla.Iimveliso eziphambili zibandakanya 1212 1213 1214 1215 1140 1144 12l13 12l14,12l15 11SMn30 njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-25-2023